Staff Ride

This page contains materials for the Meuse Argonne Staff Ride, 2019.

CMH Overview on the Meuse Argonne – the major campaign for the 35th Division in the war

World War One Museum

From Vauquois Hill to Exermont – a narrative recounting the 35th in World War One, digital book.

Analysis of the 35th Division’s Application of Operational Art During World War One – a MA thesis

35th Division sector map, Meuse-Argonne

The 35th (“Santa Fe”) Division, 1918

The 35th Division consisted of about 10,000 Kansans and 14,000 Missourians.  Their geographic origin made the “Santa Fe” Division a fighting unit that represented the best quality of the United States of America. Many called them the “Fighting Farmboys.”

EARLY ACTIVITY

Shortly after arrival in France in May 1918, the 35th Division was responsible for occupation duty shared with English and French armies.  The 35th first trained at Camp Doniphan, OK until the beginning of April 1918 when it moved to the ports of New York and Philadelphia for transportation to Europe. 

In France, the Division was first attached to the British 30th Division at Picardy and then to the French 22nd Division at Alsace for training. It came under the administrative control of the United States II Corps for front line training.

A disturbing pattern emerged, as leadership of 35th was replaced upon arrival in Europe with little explanation. This became a consistent issue throughout the War. Still, much like the National Guard during wartime, the unit persevered in doing its duty.

On 18 June 1918 elements of the 35th Division moved into positions in the southeastern portion of the Western Front near Epinal, France. Two days later, elements of the 69th Brigade, consisting of the 137th and the 138th Infantry Regiments, took over front line sectors.

One month later the 35th Division’s other brigade, the 70th, relieved the 69th. From 27 July to 2 September 1918, the Division occupied the Wesserling and the Gerardmer Sectors.  Later, the use of field artillery to aid movement in the field proved a key strategy in advancing the lines for the Division.

SAINT-MIHIEL OFFENSIVE, 12-16 SEPT. 1918

This campaign marked the true entry of the Santa Fe onto the battle field. It was here that Gen. Pershing specified that the 35th Division be incorporated into the First Army’s reserve, along with the active duty 80th and 91st Divisions.

As part of this strategy, the Saint-Mihiel campaign swiftly ended and allowed the Allies an unprecedented chance to use the carefully planned momentum into a final, grand overture that would end the Great War.

BATTLE OF THE MEUSE-ARGONNE, 26 SEPT-11 NOV 1918

Starting on 26 September 1918, according to the U.S. Army Center for Military History, “… the Meuse-Argonne Offensive was the most important American military contribution to the Allied effort to the War.”

The division then went into reserve for the First U.S. Army until 15 September when it moved to the Meuse-Argonne front. During the night of 20 September the 35th moved into forward positions in preparation for the Meuse-Argonne offensive. At 0530 hours, 26 September the division launched its attack and for the next four days kept up the attack against heavy German resistance. The division suffered hundreds of casualties among its infantry regiments, hastening its relief, where the 35th and its subordinates went into reserve status.

BATTLE OF CHEPPY: A FIRM TURNING POINT

At the Battle of Cheppy, battle lines ran north-south in a short-lasting yet intense maneuver. Here, among other elements of the 35th, the 138th Infantry Regiment, fought valiantly.

It was learned that guards held the line of defenses before Cheppy on the night of 26 September.  Their orders were to hold the village at all costs. Difficulty of orientation in the attack against the Germans proved constant, as fog, smoke, failure of equipment (especially artillery movement), and having to rely on runners in the operation due to equipment failure.

Three platoons of men located machine gun nests of the Germans, thereby cinching the takeover of Cheppy along with large store of provisions.  However, it was not known which company was first to enter the village.

Throughout the 26th of September, the battle persisted.

Here, the U.S. I Corps provided flank support; tanks from LTC George Patton’s adjacent tank brigade also aided the 35th Division’s attacks. Patton organized an attack on a group of German machine gun nests, but wounded during the fighting. After subsequently taking the village of Vauquois, the 35th Division pushed on to the southern environs of Charpentry before dusk.

Heavy casualties and leadership problems halted the “Santa Fe’s” advance after all this combat. Yet the persistence of this Division defied the odds¸ thanks in part to an officer whose time of fame would come decades later. This officer was CPT Harry S Truman, battery commander of Battery “D”, whose assignment was to ensure that his artillerymen provided adequate cover for the infantry combatant on ground level.

Prior to the start of Meuse-Argonne, the 129th Field Artillery undertook one of the most brutal road marches of the war, from the Vosges Mountains to the Argonne Forest. The Soldiers guided their horses and equipment over one hundred miles of crowded, muddy two-track roads to the new American sector. The ammunition trains pulling this equipment had some of the toughest work in all the war. 

This march and the five days of intense combat that followed were the ultimate test for Battery D and the 35th. In the closing weeks of the war, the 129th Field Artillery moved into action for the final time on the old battlefields of Verdun. They fired their last shots fifteen minutes before the Armistice took effect. Battery D had fired more than 10,000 shells during the war.

EPILOGUE

Two weeks, later the 35th Infantry Division reentered the front line where it served until shortly before the armistice. The Division returned to the United States in April 1919 and was demobilized on 30 May 1919.

35TH Division Summary:
Campaigns: Meuse – Argonne, Alsace 1918, Lorraine 1918.

Killed in action: 1,018

Wounded in action: 6,287